Civil Rights Act | Summary, Facts, President, & History (2024)

United States [1964]

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Date:
1964
Location:
United States
Context:
American civil rights movement
Key People:
Lyndon B. Johnson
Coretta Scott King

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Top Questions

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was intended to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in the United States. The act gave federal law enforcement agencies the power to prevent racial discrimination in employment, voting, and the use of public facilities.

Who signed the Civil Rights Act into law?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law on July 2, 1964, by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Who had proposed the Civil Rights Act?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 had been proposed by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963.

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Civil Rights Act, (1964), comprehensive U.S. legislation intended to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin. It is often called the most important U.S. law on civil rights since Reconstruction (1865–77) and is a hallmark of the American civil rights movement. Title I of the act guarantees equal voting rights by removing registration requirements and procedures biased against minorities and the underprivileged. Title II prohibits segregation or discrimination in places of public accommodation involved in interstate commerce. Title VII bans discrimination by trade unions, schools, or employers involved in interstate commerce or doing business with the federal government. The latter section also applies to discrimination on the basis of sex and established a government agency, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), to enforce these provisions. In 2020 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that firing an employee for being gay, lesbian, or transgender is illegal under Title VII’s prohibition of sex discrimination (Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia). The act also calls for the desegregation of public schools (Title IV), broadens the duties of the Civil Rights Commission (Title V), and assures nondiscrimination in the distribution of funds under federally assisted programs (Title VI).

The Civil Rights Act was a highly controversial issue in the United States as soon as it was proposed by Pres. John F. Kennedy in 1963. Although Kennedy was unable to secure passage of the bill in Congress, a stronger version was eventually passed with the urging of his successor, Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson, who signed the bill into law on July 2, 1964, following one of the longest debates in Senate history. White groups opposed to integration with African Americans responded to the act with a significant backlash that took the form of protests, increased support for pro-segregation candidates for public office, and some racial violence. The constitutionality of the act was immediately challenged and was upheld by the Supreme Court in the test case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. (1964). The act gave federal law enforcement agencies the power to prevent racial discrimination in employment, voting, and the use of public facilities.

American civil rights movement Events

Brown v. Board of EducationMay 17, 1954 sit-in movement1960 - 1961 Freedom RidesMay 4, 1961 - September 1961 March on WashingtonAugust 28, 1963 Civil Rights Act1964 Watts Riots of 1965August 11, 1965 - August 16, 1965 Loving v. VirginiaJune 12, 1967 Poor People’s CampaignJune 19, 1968

The 50th anniversary of the act was celebrated in April 2014 with an event at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library in Austin, Texas. Speakers included U.S. Pres. Barack Obama and former presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. The U.S. Congress marked the anniversary by posthumously awarding the Congressional Gold Medal to civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr., and Coretta Scott King.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Meg Matthias.

Civil Rights Act | Summary, Facts, President, & History (2024)
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